China's humanoid industry through MIIT's 2023 guidance, IFR installation data and published price and cost estimates, and what overseas …
How biped control grew from ZMP and inverted-pendulum planning with whole-body control to massively parallel RL policies — with the …
How rotary (motor + reducer) and linear (motor + roller screw) humanoid actuators work, how to compute their torque and force, and how …
Tesla Optimus from the 2021 announcement through the 2022 prototype, Gen 2, the 22-DoF hand and production plans — what has been publicly …
Why humanoid BOM estimates differ so widely, what published figures measure, and how to estimate a BOM from joint counts. Cost structure …
Figure 03, electric Atlas and Unitree G1 compared on official specs — size, DoF, payload, battery, sensing, AI stack — and which to evaluate …
How Physical AI differs from text-only generative AI, and what VLMs, VLA models, world models and simulation each do — from primary sources, …